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The 4.7 inch QF Mark IX and Mark XII〔Mark IX = Mark 9, Mark XII = Mark 12. Britain used Roman numerals to denote Marks (models) of ordnance until after World War II. This article covers the ninth and twelfth models of British QF 4.7 inch gun.〕 were 120-mm 45-calibre naval guns which armed the majority of Royal Navy and Commonwealth destroyers in World War II,〔Campbell, ''Naval Weapons of World War Two'', p48.〕 and were exported to many countries after World War II as the destroyers they were mounted on were sold off. ==Description and history== These guns succeeded the similar World War I-era BL 4.7 inch gun, changing the cartridges from BL silk bags to separate QF in brass cases and a new horizontal sliding block breech mechanism. Mark IX was deployed in single mountings CP Mk XIV on the A class destroyers of 1930 and on most subsequent destroyer classes up to and including the R class of 1942. The almost-identical Mk XII gun was deployed in twin mountings CP Mk XIX on the Tribal class destroyers of 1936 and J, K and N classes of 1938. This mounting limited the maximum elevation to 40 degrees, but all twin CP Mk XIX were dual-purpose mountings and were equipped with ''Fuze Setting Pedestals'' or ''Mk V Fuze Setting Trays'',〔Hodges and Friedman, ''Destroyer weapons of WW2'', P95-96.〕 to allow the mountings to be fired against aircraft while being controlled by the Fuze Keeping Clock fire control computer. Typical maximum rate of fire was twelve rounds per gun, per minute.〔Hodges and Friedman, ''Destroyer weapons of WW2'', p21.〕〔March, ''British Destroyers'', P358, ''Kimberly'' at Narvik: ''"Salvos fired about 180 in all...drill to guns very good, great part of the action a loading interval of about 5 seconds was achieved..."''〕 During gunnery trials in 1930, HMS ''Basilisk'' was able to fire "...five rounds in 17 seconds."〔March, ''British Destroyers'', P264〕 The Mk XII gun fired a 50 lb shell and used a separate cartridge, with both shell and cartridge being loaded via a loading tray, with power ramming, elevation, and traverse. The maximum range at 40 degrees elevation was 16,970 yards (15,520 m) fired at the new gun muzzle velocity of 2650 fps (808 m/s).〔 The 40-degree elevation was justified on the grounds that destroyers would be screening the battle-fleet during aerial attack, and 40 degrees elevation was adequate to engage aircraft that were concentrating their attack on other ships.〔Harding, editor, ''The Royal Navy, 1930-2000: innovation and defence'', p19-41:, Pugh, ''Managing the aerial threat''.〕 Admiral Sir Philip Vian describes the use of Tribal Class destroyer mounted Mk XII guns against aircraft during the campaign in Norwegian waters, from April to June 1940: "It became clear at once that in an attack from the air in narrow waters flanked by mountains, the cards were held by the aircraft. There was too little sea-room for full freedom of manoeuvre, and the aircraft's approach was screened by the rock walls. As often as not, when they did come into view it was at such an angle that our 4.7-inch guns, whose maximum elevation was only forty degrees, could not reach them... Aandalsnes is approached through the Romsdal Fiord, and lies forty miles from the entrance, off which we arrived on the 24th April. The daylight passage of the convoy and escort through this waterway, speed five knots, on a steady course and with mountains rising steeply either side, presented an alluring invitation to enemy aircraft. Junkers attacks persisted to the end, but the fire of the destroyers, although limited to an elevation of forty degrees, was enough to keep the enemy just too high for their standard of marksmanship. Not a ship received a direct hit, though some were damaged by the splinters from near misses."〔Vian, Philip, ''Action This Day'', London, 1960, p.40 and 44.〕 The S class, introduced the CP (central pivot) single Mark XXII mounting for the QF Mark XII 4.7 in gun. This new mounting had a shield with a sharply raked front, to allow increased elevation (to 55 degrees),〔March, ''British Destroyers'', p.401.〕〔Hodges, Tribal Class Destroyers, p32: Diagram of High Level Bomber Attack: A 240 mph target, at 12 thousand feet altitude could expect to be under fire for about 58 seconds, from the time it enters the effective range of the FKC until it flies to within the minimum range of a 4.7-inch gun elevated to 55 degrees. A Tribal class destroyer would be able to engage the same target for about 37 seconds with a 4.7-inch Mk XII gun elevated to 40 degrees.〕 contrasting noticeably with the vertical front of the previous CP Mark XVIII, and easily differentiated the S class onwards from their immediate predecessors. The ''Savage'' was the exception in this respect, being fitted with 4.5 inch calibre; a twin mounting forward and two singles aft. The 4.7 inch calibre was finally superseded by the 4.5 inch calibre on the Z class destroyers in 1943. The new 4.5 inch guns all had 55-degree elevation mounts and actually fired a shell slightly heavier than that of 4.7-inch Mk IX and XII guns, although slightly lighter than that fired by the 4.7 inch Mk XI gun. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「4.7 inch QF Mark IX & XII」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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